Where did the Catholic Church come from?
The Catholic Church is the oldest continuously existing Christian institution in the world. Founded by Jesus, its origins trace directly back over 2,000 years to Christ and the Apostles.
According to the Catholic Church, its foundation was laid in the 1st century AD. Matthew 16:18 is the Scripture cited as when Jesus told the apostle Peter:
“You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church.” (Matthew 16:18)
Catholics believe this moment marks the spiritual foundation of the Church and the beginning of apostolic leadership.
The Early Christian Church
After Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection, his apostles continued spreading his teachings throughout the Roman Empire. Peter, regarded by Catholics as the first pope, traveled to Rome and led the Christian community there.
The apostles appointed successors, known as bishops, to preserve teachings and leadership—this process is called apostolic succession, a key element of Catholic identity.
It’s important to remember that in its earliest years, there was no established Church. Christianity was a small and often persecuted movement, and early Christians often secretly met in homes, shared the Eucharist, and followed teachings passed down orally and through letters.
Over time, church structure became more organized, with bishops overseeing local churches and councils helping resolve theological disputes.
The Catholic Church and the Roman Empire
A major turning point came in the 4th century when Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity through the Edict of Milan (313 AD). Later, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. This allowed the Church to grow openly, build churches, and develop formal doctrine and governance.
The Church in Rome gained particular influence due to its association with Peter and its location in the empire’s capital. This led to the Roman bishop becoming known as the pope, a central figure in Catholic leadership.
Development of Catholic Doctrine and Structure
The word “Catholic” comes from the Greek katholikos, meaning “universal.” Early Christians used this term to describe the worldwide Church united in belief and leadership. By the second century, the phrase “Catholic Church” was already in use.
Over centuries, the Catholic Church continued to define its beliefs through:
Ecumenical councils
Scripture and tradition
Teachings of church leaders
Core doctrines, sacraments, and practices took shape during this time, distinguishing Catholicism from later Christian denominations.
The Catholic Church Today
As stated above, the Catholic Church traces its origins directly to the early Christian community founded by Jesus and led by the apostles.
While it has evolved in structure and practice, Catholics believe its core mission and teachings have remained consistent for nearly two millennia.